A background check or background investigation is the process of
looking up and compiling criminal records, commercial records and
financial records (in certain instances such as employment screening)
of an individual.
Background checks are often requested by employers on job
candidates, especially on candidates seeking a position that requires
high security or a position of trust, such as in a school, hospital,
financial institution, airport, and government. These checks are
traditionally administered by a government agency for a nominal fee,
but can also be administered by private companies. Results of a
background check typically include past employment verification, credit
score, and criminal history.
These checks are often used by employers as a means of
objectively evaluating a job candidate's qualifications, character,
fitness, and to identify potential hiring risks for safety and security
reasons. Background check is also used to thoroughly investigate
potential government employees in order to be given a security clearance.
However, these checks may sometimes be used for illegal purposes, such
as unlawful discrimination (or employment discrimination), identity
theft, and violation of privacy.
Possible information included
The amount of information included on a background check depends to a
large degree on the sensitivity of the reason for which it is
conducted—e.g., somebody seeking employment at a minimum wage job would
be subject to far fewer requirements than somebody applying to work for
a law enforcement agency such as the FBI or jobs related to national security.
Criminal, arrest, incarceration, and sex offender records
There are several types of criminal record searches available to
employers, some more accurate and up to date than others. These "third
party" background checking agencies cannot guarantee the accuracy of
their information, thus many of them have incomplete records or
inaccurate records. The only way to conduct an accurate background check
is to go directly through the state. Most times using the state of
choice is much cheaper than using a "third party" agency. Many websites
offer the "instant" background check, which will search a compilation of
databases containing public information for a fee. These “instant”
searches originate from a variety of sources, from statewide court and
corrections records to law enforcement records which usually stem from
county or metro law enforcement offices. There are also other
database-type criminal searches, such as statewide repositories and the
national crime file. A commonly used criminal search by employers who
outsource is the county criminal search.
Citizenship, immigration, or legal working status
The hiring of illegal workers has become an issue for American
businesses since the forming of the Department of Homeland Security and
its Immigrations and Customs Enforcement(ICE) division. Many history
making immigration raids[15]
over the past two years have forced employers to consider including
legal working status as part of their background screening process. All
employers are required to keep government Form I-9 documents on all
employees and some states mandate the use of the federal E-Verify program to research the working status of Social Security numbers.
With increased concern for right-to-work issues, many outsourcing
companies are sprouting in the marketplace to help automate and store
Form I-9 documentation. Some jobs are only available to citizens who are
residents of that country due to security concerns.
Litigation records
Employers may want to identify potential employees who routinely
file discrimination lawsuits. It has also been alleged that in the U.S.,
employers that do work for the government do not like to hire
whistleblowers who have a history of filing qui tam suits.
Driving and vehicle records
Employers that routinely hire drivers or are in the transportation
sector seek drivers with clean driving records—i.e., those without a
history of accidents or traffic tickets. Department of Motor Vehicles and Department of Transportation records are searched to determine a qualified driver.
Drug tests
Drug tests are used for a variety of reasons—corporate ethics, measuring potential employee performance, and keeping workers' compensation premiums down.
Education records
These are used primarily to see if the potential employee had graduated from high school (or a GED) or received a college degree, graduate degree, or some other accredited university degree. There are reports of SAT scores being requested by employers as well.
Employment records
These usually range from simple verbal confirmations of past
employment and timeframe to deeper, such as discussions about
performance, activities and accomplishments, and relations with others.
Financial information
Credit scores, liens, civil judgments, bankruptcy, and tax information may be included in the report.
Licensing records
A government authority that has some oversight over professional
conduct of its licensees will also maintain records regarding the
licensee, such as personal information, education, complaints,
investigations, and disciplinary actions.
Medical, Mental, and Physiological evaluation and records
These records are generally not available to consumer reporting
agencies, background screening firms, or any other investigators without
documented, written consent of the applicant, consumer or employee.
Military records
Although not as common today as it was in the past fifty years, employers frequently requested the specifics of one's military discharge.
Social Security Number
(or equivalent outside the US). A fraudulent SSN may be indicative of identity theft, insufficient citizenship,
or concealment of a "past life". Background screening firms usually
perform a Social Security trace to determine where the applicant or
employee has lived.
Other interpersonal interviews
Employers may investigate past employment to verify position and
salary information. More intensive checks can involve interviews with
anybody that knew or previously knew the applicant—such as teachers,
friends, coworkers, neighbors, and family members; however, extensive
hearsay investigations in background checks can expose companies to
lawsuits. Past employment and personal reference verifications are
moving toward standardization with most companies in order to avoid
expensive litigation.